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Sinfonia Toronto

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Nurhan Arman

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Stéphane Tétreault

Cello

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Cello I

Schumann & Dvorak - Rejoice in Romance

Toronto

Canadá

Jane Mallett Theatre

Public

Nostalgia

Cello Concerto in A Minor, op. 129

Concierto grosso en Sol menor, op. 6 nº 8 ("Hecho para la Noche de Navidad")

Slavonic Dances, op. 46

Waltzes, op.54

Danzas eslavas, op. 72

Matias Vergara Moyano

Válido

SCHUMANN & DVORAK - Rejoice in Romance: Nostalgia Morlock (+5 More)

Program notes 

Nostalgia - Jocelyn Morlock (1969 -2023)

Jocelyn Morlock worked with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra as their first female
Composer-in-Residence from 2014 to 2019. In 2011 her vocal work Exaudi was nominated for a
Juno and in 2018 she won for My Name Is Amanda Todd. Her music is inspired by birds,
insomnia, nature, fear, other people’s music and art, nocturnal thoughts, lucid dreaming, death,
and the liminal times and experiences before and after death. Her compositions include film
scores, choral pieces and solo, ensemble and orchestral scores.

Nostalgia is inspired by a Bach sonata and two passages by Milan Kundera: “In the sunset of
dissolution, everything is illuminated by the aura of nostalgia.” (The Unbearable Lightness of
Being), and “You can suffer nostalgia in the presence of the beloved if you glimpse a future
where the beloved is no more.” (Ignorance)
Ms. Morlock explained, “My starting point for this piece was the Adagio of Bach’s Sonata for
Viola da Gamba and Harpsichord, BWV 1027, a piece which for me is replete with nostalgia
and past associations. The opening melody has a sweet sadness that I find irresistible. While I
used some fragments of the Bach for my own musical purposes throughout Nostalgia, the
referencing is only audible in the coda. Rather than building a piece on Bach’s music, my intent
was to refer to the many emotions I feel when listening to the Adagio, to create a rumination
upon this seductive but surreal world of memory. Aside from the undoubted delights of
glimpsing the past through a sentimental haze, nostalgia also has some darker facets; engaging in
an obsessive love for the past makes it easy to lose sight of the present, and nothing appears quite
as wonderful as that which is forever lost.”

Cello Concerto in A Minor op. 129 - Robert Schumann (1810-1856)

Robert Schumann belonged to the Romantic era; so, not surprisingly, the piece we are hearing
tonight is lyrical, inward, and passionate. Schumann was born in Zwickau, Germany. He showed
strong talent for music at a young age but did not immediately go into music. To satisfy his
father, he studied law at the University of Leipzig. It was not long before he returned to music,
though, and started taking lessons from renowned piano teacher Friedrich Wieck. Under Wieck's
instruction, Schumann soon became a famous performer, but his playing career was ended by a
hand injury. Fortunately, he also loved composing.

Schumann only wrote for the piano until 1840, then began to write for voice and for orchestra.
The music of his contemporaries - Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Liszt - as well as German poetry
and literature all influenced his music.  
In 1840 Schumann married his piano teacher’s daughter Clara Wieck, only after a long and 
contentious court battle with Friedrich, who opposed the union. Clara proved to be 
the perfect mate, as she was herself an accomplished pianist and musical prodigy. 

Ever since a period of severe melancholy in 1833, Schumann battled mental illness. 
Clara’s love and help eased him through many such episodes.
Mirroring the ups and downs of his mental state, Schumann's compositional output also went
through manic and depressive phases. These mood swings are today thought to have been caused
by a bipolar condition and perhaps by mercury poisoning. Schumann confined himself to a
mental institution after an unsuccessful suicide attempt in 1854. Two years later, at the age of 46,
he passed away from pneumonia.

Schumann composed his Cello Concerto in A Minor in Düsseldorf in 1850 It is his only concerto
for cello. The solo part is written almost entirely in the instrument’s middle and upper range, to
ensure projection through the orchestral textures.
The Concerto consists of three movements which flow together without breaks. Like Schumann's
other works, the concerto uses thematic material introduced in the first movement in later
movements. For this reason, and because the movements move ahead without breaks, the
concerto is extremely unified in both material and in character. However, it is not repetitious: the
themes are used in different contexts and evoke different moods, ranging from deeply meditative
to agitated and brilliant.

A medium-slow romantic melody from the cello opens the first movement, with lyricism
arousing feelings of nostalgia and desire. In the slow second movement, the cello plays another
beautiful, melancholy melody, complemented by a lavish orchestral background. This movement
is organised as a theme and variations, with each variation focusing on a distinctive melodic
element. In the third movement, the cello introduces a vibrant motif which is then picked up by
the orchestra. Written in rondo form, the movement is divided into sections that explore
contrasting moods and feelings.

Schumann once famously declared "I cannot write a concerto for the virtuosos. I must try for
something else." His writing here is personal and lyrical rather than full of étude-like passages
meant to display the soloist’s technical skill. Perhaps for this reason, this concerto was not
received warmly in Schumann’s time, but now it is beloved for its great melodic beauty and the
interpretive artistry it reveals in the cellists who perform it.

Christmas Concerto - Arcangelo Corelli (1653- 1713)

Born in the small Italian town of Fusignano, Corelli became one of the most influential and
celebrated composers of the Baroque era, known as the “father of the concerto grosso” and in his
own time as "the prince of musicians.” He showed remarkable talent from an early age. His
uncle, a musician, recognized his potential and took him on as a student. By the age of 20,
Corelli had proved himself as a virtuoso violinist, and he soon became a sought-after teacher.

Corelli’s first major compositions, 12 sonatas for violin and basso continuo, were
published in 1681 and quickly marked him as a leading composer of the day. Listeners praised
his lyricism and elegance.

In 1687, Corelli moved to Rome. Rome did not have any permanent orchestra providing stable
employment for instrumentalists, but Corelli rapidly made a name for himself, playing in various
ensembles sponsored by wealthy patrons. It was here that he began to experiment with the
concerto grosso, a form of music in which a small group of soloists are accompanied by a larger
ensemble. Corelli’s concerti grossi are marked by intricate interplay between the soloists and the
orchestra and showcase his skill at crafting complex polyphonic textures. Though his entire
production is limited to just six published collections, he achieved great fame and success
throughout Europe.

As a virtuoso violinist he was considered one of the greatest of his generation. Through his
development of modern playing techniques and his many disciples, he helped to place the violin
among the most prestigious solo instruments. Besides his work as a composer and performer,
Corelli was also a respected conductor. Because of his meticulous attention to detail and ability
to draw the best out of his musicians, he was a sought-after conductor for both secular and sacred
music. He was also a renowned teacher. His pupils included Francesco Geminiani, Pietro
Locatelli and Antonio Vivaldi, who all went on to become important figures in their own right.
Corelli’s works influenced an entire generation of composers, including Vivaldi, Handel, Johann
Sebastian Bach, and Francois Couperin.

Corelli's Concerto Grosso Op. 6, No. 8, also known as the Christmas Concerto, is a masterpiece
that has stood the test of time. Written for the festive season, it is composed of six movements.
First performed in 1690 for a new patron, it bears the inscription “Made for the night of
Christmas.” Since publication in 1714 it has remained one of Corelli's most famous and
celebrated works.

The concerto’s six short movements alternate between fast and slow. At many points during the
faster movements of this piece listeners may feel certain they are listening to Vivaldi, and in the
slower movements Handel – but of course the influence actually went the other direction, and
shows Corelli’s importance in developing Baroque style.

Miniatures (Dances from Op. 46, 54 & 72) - Antonin Dvorak (1840-1914)

Dvorak was born in a village near Prague, the eldest of eight children. He showed early signs of
musical talent, began learning violin when he was six, and later became skillful in both piano and
organ. Despite these early signs, however, Dvorak did not begin to study music seriously until
his late teens. Dvorak studied at the Prague Organ School and became a violist with the orchestra
of the Provincial Theatre and then the National Theatre. In the early 1870’s he started to gain a
reputation as a composer.

Like many other European composers in the mid-to-late 19 th century, Dvorak developed a strong
interest in the folk music of his homeland. He believed that music should be accessible to
everyone, and wanted his music to reflect his country's national identity. In the 1870’s, Dvorak
became the director of the Prague Conservatory, where he taught composition. During his
lengthy tenure as director, he insisted that all students study the works of Czech composers.

In the early years of his career, Dvorak remained relatively unknown outside his homeland.
Hoping to further his career, in 1874, he submitted compositions in a competition for the
Austrian State Prize for Composition. Johannes Brahms was chair of the jury and was highly
impressed. Dvořák won the prize in in 1874 and again in 1876 and 1877. Brahms recommended
Dvořák to his own publisher, who soon afterward commissioned what became the Slavonic
Dances, Op. 46. When the sheet music (of a piano 4-hands version) had excellent sales, Dvořák's
international reputation was launched.

Capping his rise to international fame, in 1892, Dvořák was invited to become the director of the
National Conservatory of Music in New York City. He was offered an annual salary equivalent
to more than $450,000 in present-day dollars, twenty-five times what he was paid at the Prague
Conservatory. Coming to America proved to be a pivotal moment in his career. He was
fascinated by the country's cultural diversity and musical traditions, and these influences can be
seen in his music from that time. He felt that African-American and Native American music
should be used as a foundation for the growth of America’s own national style of music.

Unfortunately, a severe economic depression drained the assets of the Conservatory’s patrons
and in 1894 Dvořák's salary was cut in half and paid only irregularly. In the winter of 1894–95,
feeling homesick and enjoying increased recognition in Europe, Dvorak decided to return to
Bohemia. New York erected a statue to honour him in Stuyvesant Square, near where he had
lived. Back in Europe, Dvořák continued teaching and composing until 1904, when an attack
of influenza carried him off on May Day at the age of 62, leaving many unfinished works.

As a violist himself, Dvořák had a natural affinity to writing for strings. Over a period of thirty
years, he composed over forty chamber music works, including string quartets. 

 Tonight's performance features his most beloved selections from his Valses and Slavonic Dances. Written in traditional romantic style, they are characterized by beautiful melodies, rich harmonies, and expressive counterpoint.

English

Schumann & Dvorak - Rejoice in Romance by Morlock, Schumann, Corelli, A., Dvořák, De (2023/2023), Director Nurhan Arman, Jane Mallett Theatre, Toronto, Canadá

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